自动驾驶汽车剖析：GIS真的在自动驾驶汽车的引擎盖下吗？
目录
GIS将在无人驾驶汽车世界中茁壮成长吗？
无人驾驶汽车通过覆盖数百万传感器返回（每秒约27,000个光点）来观察世界，并将其收集到极其精确的3D地图中。
对于汽车进行的每一次移动，它都会根据此点云数据在地理空间中的位置进行计算。
GIS技术有可能融入无人驾驶车辆的新领域。
反之亦然，GIS如何从无人驾驶汽车世界中受益？
使用LiDAR和SLAM来感知其环境
首先，让我们了解无人驾驶汽车的大脑。对于汽车每次运动，它使用激光雷达，雷达，相机和位置估算器，不断扫描360°。结合SLAM（同时定位和映射），汽车根据传感器输入实时定位其周围环境。这种观点远远优于人类所能看到的观点。
尽管人类可以轻松地感知周围的环境，但对于计算机而言，这是一项难以置信的难度挑战。例如，人类可以识别行人，交通灯和人行横道。此外，人类可以通过简单的手势预测骑自行车者和警察的移动。
这就是无人驾驶汽车使用安装在车辆上的360° LiDAR传感器的原因，它可以全面了解周围环境。随着点云数据不断被送入机器学习（ML）算法，无人驾驶汽车开始理解噪声数据。这是车辆的潜在大脑，可以从道路中提取特征。
根据被标记为训练神经网络的内容，这决定了它在路上检测物体的成功程度。从本质上讲，在各种情况下训练越多，就越能辨别出来自野生动物的行人。
精确的几何高清路网图
不断增长的趋势是无人驾驶汽车由于其不可靠性而将仅使用GPS来为车辆提供粗略的位置。例如，谷歌的自动驾驶汽车（Waymo）因其设计原则而无法依赖GPS。
无人驾驶汽车是否可以仅在没有外部信息的传感器数据上运行？换句话说，它是否需要预先加载的3D地图才能完全发挥作用？
由于安全问题，有很多理由相信自动驾驶汽车需要精确的地图。例如，如果大雪或雨覆盖车道标记，车辆需要路缘和车道尺寸才能重新开始。
事实上，像HERE Maps和TomTom这样的公司已经开始制作高清晰度（HD）地图，描绘可行驶区域的车道标记。反过来，自动驾驶汽车使用它来准确地知道它们的位置和前进方向。
任何情况下的动态路由
如果无人驾驶汽车想要从A点行驶到B点，它需要以下3件事：
- 现有的道路网络，限制他们可以旅行的地方。
- 准确的地理编码地址，以了解它们的去向。
- 一个强大的路由算法，从A到B.
出于导航目的，汽车必须计算时间最佳或最短路径。当情况在路上发生变化时，他们需要动态计算下一条路径。
他们需要地图形式的操作环境来与传感器输入进行交互。毕竟，它是在后台运行的GIS，用于决定最佳路径。但有时最佳路线并不总是最短的。这是流量最少的那个。
避免交通拥堵并遵守道路规则
随着数百万用户与Waze联系，他们在不知不觉中为社会带来了重要的利益。也就是说，他们制定了道路网络，转弯限制和交通拥堵。
与以往不同，HERE地图和Waze等公司通过众包了解城市的交通拥堵情况。所有这些都在一张地图中，通过丰富导航系统和位置数据，我们的每日通勤可以避免交通延误。
随着时间的推移，GIS可以通过了解与实时交通数据相结合的历史交通模式来优化路线。对于任何一天，它可以预测估计的交通时间并改善整体驾驶员体验。
利用物联网打造智慧城市
随着无人驾驶汽车开始在道路上巡逻，我们基本上有测量设备不断建立地形图。非常详细，他们捕捉路边的物体，建筑物和城市景观。智能城市需要的第一件事就是清点他们拥有的一切。因为我们可以获得准确的城市资产清单，这是改善基础设施协调的第一步。
随着越来越多的车辆在路上，这意味着它变得越来越连通和高效。现在，我们进入了互联网领域。只有单一车辆的感知，它总是会被动反应。我们不能进行任何形式的预先计划。但是，连接的车辆网络在遇到网络障碍之前是主动的。
例如，物联网将了解交通拥堵发生的地方。这不仅会传递给您的车辆，而且城市规划者也可以获得改善基础设施的信息。此外，它还将在您的日常生活中融入地理围栏。无论是安全，零售还是交付，地理围栏都可以提供实时警报并提高意识。
GIS是引擎盖下的自动驾驶汽车吗？
如今，人们依靠地图将他们带到目的地。自动驾驶汽车因其固有的空间性质也将如此。
但是他们会扫描他们的环境并将它们叠加在预先存在的地图上以确定去哪里。
尽管SLAM技术取得了进步，但目前的困境是获得精确的准确性并维护更新的地图。
由于无人驾驶汽车需要没有错误的地图，不断更新绝对空间精度，我们无法将他们预先加载的地图与他们捕获的外部世界分离。
原文：https://gisgeography.com/autonomous-vehicles-gis-self-driving-cars/
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