为地理空间应用带来深度学习

每当我们开始谈论人工智能,机器学习或深度学习时,科幻电影的警示故事就出现了:2001年的 HAL 9000  :太空漫游,终结者的T系列机器人,Blade Runner的复制者,有数百个有关计算机学习过多而成为威胁的故事。这些电影的关键始终有一个共同点:电脑做得好的东西和人类可以做得好的东西,它们不一定相交。计算机非常擅长处理数字和统计分析(演绎推理),人类非常善于识别模式并使用演绎数据做出归纳决策。两者都有自己的优势和作用。 

数据的扩散

随着跨平台,类型和收集计划的大量数据扩散,地理空间专家如何应对这一显然无法克服的任务?我们应该忽略一些数据流并关注其他数据流吗?虽然这减轻了负载,但我们复杂的生态系统需要来自多种格式的任意数量传感器的最新数据。只需筛选所有数据以确定什么是可操作的以及可以存档的内容可能是一项艰巨的挑战。

其他部门已经开始解决类似的挑战。搜索引擎充斥着照片,但他们可以使用机器和深度学习中的进步即时搜索和分类照片。地理空间部门能否更好地利用这种图像处理能力来执行更多的商业和管理任务?此外,这项技术能否处理每天收集的大量地理空间图像,而不会使地理空间专业人员负担过重?

是的,是的。多年来,我们一直在利用机器学习算法,这些算法可以训练自动摄取和处理不断增长的数据量,从而减轻分析人员的负担并释放他们以完成人类最擅长的工作。它们还提供拖放式工作站环境,用户可以轻松浏览并优化特征检测结果。现在,深度学习也有望为越来越多的垂直应用增强图像处理,包括土地覆盖分类,森林火灾预测,作物病害检测,屋顶提取,目标识别和变化检测。

历史面貌

自20世纪50年代以来,人工智能一直存在,机器学习自20世纪80年代以来一直蓬勃发展。通过对计算机进行编程以从数据中学习,机器学习为我们提供了实用的语音识别,有效的网络搜索以及对人类基因组的大大改进的理解。今天机器学习如此普遍,以至于你可能每天都会使用它几十次 – 就像你的电子邮件垃圾邮件过滤器一样 – 不知道它。

机器学习算法是解决这些挑战的理想选择:

  • 简化需要手动调整或长规则列表的解决方案。
  • 寻找传统方法无法提供良好解决方案的复杂问题的解决方案。
  • 适应波动环境中的新数据。
  • 挖掘大型数据集以获得有关复杂问题的见解。 

地理空间技术中的机器学习

从地理空间的角度来看,机器学习一直被广泛使用。遥感数据集一直很大,因此机器学习的大数据处理能力是很自然的。例如,使用K Means或ISODATA聚类算法处理卫星图像是遥感软件的首次使用之一。近年来,贝叶斯网络,分类和回归树(CART),支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林都被用于从用户交互式工作站中的图像中提取特征。处理这些工作站中的数据可能是一个密集,复杂,一次性的过程。每一次我们都必须重新发明轮子。

机器学习与深度学习

机器学习是人工智能的一个子集,它使用统计方法使系统无需明确编程即可学习和调整其过程。这通常涉及使用训练算法和控制数据来“教导”系统如何基于训练解决问题。深度学习本质上是使用深度神经网络进行机器学习的最新版本。与传统的机器学习算法相比,它在应用程序中更快,更灵活,能够持久保存并积累机器智能。

围绕深度学习的研究导致了开源API的激增 – 例如谷歌的TensorFlow和微软的CNTK–这使得利用竞争行业巨头在各种不同领域进行图像处理的研究投资成为可能。因此,它不仅可以使用它们的API,而且我们还可以将必要的地理空间逻辑插入到神经网络的各层中,以适应基于位置的应用程序。

深度学习使用深度神经网络(一系列迭代测试)来学习和改进其输出,不断提高其准确性。

深度学习的地理空间应用

除了机器学习,关键图像处理解决方案还提供多种方式来利用深度学习的力量。许多地理空间任务,例如自动特征提取,也被证明具有挑战性,各地的特征特征变化很大。在一个区域中表现良好的确定性算法很可能在另一个区域中失败。例如,它可能难以区分跨大数据集的屋顶。因为它总是在学习,所以深度学习算法可以克服这些限制并训练自己识别整个区域的屋顶。 

一些应用程序可以使用深度学习算法和用户交互来迭代地建立机器智能。例如,今天的图像处理解决方案提供了一个“分而治之”的目标检测工作站,其中图像被细分为网格,然后由深度学习算法单独评估特征存在的概率。一旦经过充分训练,深度学习算法就可以自动运行,每次收到新数据集时都会启动。它可以自动筛选数据,只在数据需要时才与地理空间分析师交流。

展望未来

在过去的二十年里,人工智能社区在机器学习和深度学习方面取得了前所未有的进步 – 没有放缓的迹象。随着我们对深度学习的更多了解,许多地理空间解决方案不断发展。例如,不是简单地回答是/否问题 – 例如,这是飞机吗? – 最新的化身能够识别并准确地在图像中精确定位它。深度学习可以从人的肩膀上取得沉重的负担,做计算机最擅长的事情 – 碾压数字 – 并将交易工具交给分析师。除了所有的好莱坞消息,这些算法都没有什么可担心的 – 至少现在还没有。

转载自:https://www.directionsmag.com/article/8726

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