地理信息系统入门基础篇(三)—矢量数据模型
目录
第一章 矢量数据模型
矢量数据模型,也称为离散对象模型,是采用离散对象来表示地球表面的空间要素的。基于这一概念,矢量数据可以用三个基本步骤制备。①在一个空的空间将空间要素分为点、线和多边形,并用点及其x,y坐标来表示这些要素的位置和形状 ②以一个逻辑框架构建这些几何对象的属性和空间关系③编码并将矢量数据以数字数据文件存储,这样它们可以被访问、解释,并由计算机进行处理。计算机通过扩展名识别数据文件的格式(也就是数据结构怎样和如何存储)。
3.1 简单要素的表示
矢量数据模型用点、线和面等几何对象来表示简单的空间要素,这三种集合对象及其所表示的要素间的区别在于维度和性质。点的维数是0,且只有位置性质。线是一维的,除了位置外,还有长度特性。面是二维的,除了位置之外,还有面积和周长性质。
3.2拓扑
拓扑是研究几何对象在弯曲或拉伸等变换下保持不变的性质。在GIS中,矢量数据可以是拓扑的,也可以是非拓扑的,取决于对数据是否建立了拓扑(即定义对象之间的关系)。
3.2.1拓扑统一地理编码格式(TIGER)
3.2.2拓扑的重要性
拓扑至少有三个主要优点:首先是能确保数据的质量和完整性;其次拓扑可强化GIS分析;第三,空间要素之间的拓扑关系是的GIS用户可执行空间数据查询。
3.3 地理关系数据模型
地理关系数据模型用两个独立的系统分别存储空间和属性数据:用“图形文件”存储空间数据(“地理”),用关系数据库存储属性数据(“关系”)。地理关系数据模型一般用要素标识码(ID)对两者进行链接。空间和属性两部分必须同步才能进行查询、分析和数据显示。Coverage和Shapefile是地理关系数据模型的例子,但是Coverage是拓扑的,Shapefile是非拓扑的。
3.3.1 Coverage
Coverage支持以下三种基本拓扑关系(ESRI,1998)
- 1、连接性:弧段间通过节点彼此连接
- 2、面定义:由一系列相连的弧段定义面
- 3、邻接性:弧段有方向性,且有左多边形和右多边形
3.3.2 Coverage 数据结构
点的Coverage很简单,包含要素标识码(IDs)和成对的x和y坐标;线的Coverage由弧段构成,弧段由“始节点”(开始点)到“到节点”(结束点)来表示;面的Coverage由多边形/弧段显示多边形和弧段之间的关系。
3.3.3 非拓扑矢量数据
Shapefile多边形对于共享边界实际上有重复弧段且可彼此重叠。Shapefile的几何学性质存储在两个基本文件中:以.shp为扩展名的文件存储要素几何学特征,而以.shx为扩展名的文件保留几何学特征的空间索引。
3.4 基于对象数据模型
基于对象数据模型把空间数据和属性数据存储在单一系统中。
3.4.1 类和类之间的关系
类是一系列具有相似属性的对象。类与类之间具有以下关系。
联合(Association):指两个类之间有多种对应关系。
聚合(Aggregation):定义了类之间的一种整体和部分的关系
合成(Composition):描述部分不能独立于整体而存在的一种联合
类继承(Type inheritance):指的是父类和之类间的关系
实例化(Instantiation):指一个类的对象可以由另一个类的对象来创建。
3.4.2 接口
接口代表类或者对象的一系列外部可视化操作。
3.4.3 Geodatabase
Geodatabase是基于对象矢量数据模型的一个例子
3.4.4 拓扑规则
Geodatabase提供即时拓扑规则
3.4.5 Geodatabase 数据模型的优点
- 1、Geodatabase的等级结构对于数据组织与管理十分有利
- 2、Geodatabase是ArcObjects的一部分,它具有面向对象技术的优点
- 3、Geodatabase提供即时拓扑,使用与要素类的要素或者两个或更多的参与要素类。
- 4、在ArcObjects中有许多的对象、属性和方法可供GIS用户定制应用
- 5、ArcObjects提供了一个可按照各行各业的需求定制对象的模型
3.5 复合要素的表示
一些空间要素表示为点、线、面的复合更利于其应用。
3.5.1 不规则三角网(TINs)
不规则三角网(TIN)把地表近似表示描绘成一组互不重叠的三角面。每个三角面在TIN中都有一个恒定的切斜度。平坦地区可用少量样点和大三角形来描绘,而高度变化大的地区则需要更密而较小的三角面来描绘。一个完成的TIN由三种几何对象组成:多边形(三角形或区域)、点(节点)和线(边界)
3.5.2 分区
分区在这里是指具有相似特征的地域范围。地表可被划分为越来越小的均匀区域,从而形成等级分区,并逐渐细分。分区模型可以处理好两个空间特征:第一,分区可以在空间上相连和分离;第二,分区可重叠或涵盖相同区域
3.5.3 路径
路径是诸如高速公路、自行车道或河流等线要素,但是它与其他线要素的不同在于它有度量系统,可使线性测量用于投影坐标系统中。
重要概念和术语
弧段(Arc):有两个端点的线段
ArcObjects:ArcGIS Desktop中采用的对象的集合
面定义(Area definition):用于Esri的Coverage数据格式中的拓扑关系,保证一个面由一系列连接弧段所定义
事件(Event):与路径关联并可用于路径显示的属性。
方法(Method):对象可执行的特定操作
———————
原文:https://blog.csdn.net/QIYICat/article/details/79920162
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