大数据时代下对GIS发展的思考

摘 要:

新一代信息技术的兴起与发展直接影响地理信息系统的发展,例如,物理网与GIS的结合,云计算与GIS的结合,移动互联网与GIS的结合,文章将在大数据的背景下,分析大数据给地理信息系统的发展带来的影响。

概述

“大数据”是继“云计算”之后互联网时代掀起的又一个热潮。大数据时代正靠近我们的生活。地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)得到计算机软硬件系统支持,也拥有对地球表面(包括大气层)空间中和地理分布有关的数据进行采集、储存、管理、计算、研究、显示和说明等功能[1]。作为一门涉及面广的综合学科,地理信息系统信息技术的发展尤为重要[2]。在互联网时代,“大数据”这种重要资源增长速率过快,当今人类社会的发展与转型[3]正在被慢慢侵蚀着。地理信息系统也身在其中,以基于位置的服务(Location Based Service,LBS)为代表的新技术的加入使得地理信息系统及产业在获得发展机遇的同时也面临挑战。

大数据

 大数据定义

IDC(Internet Data Center,即互联网数据中心)最新的研究结果显示全球每18个月新增的数据量是人类有史以来全部数据量的总和到2020年,每年产生的数据将达到40ZB,其中传感器网络所产生的数据占40%[4]。而且这些数据中95%是不精确的,非结构化的数据[5]。归纳了(Volume、Varity、Velocity、Veracity、Value)大数据的5V特征,以区别于大众思维中的“海量数据”[6]。
大数据和有联系的自发地理信息(volunteered geographic information,VGI)存在联系不同需要研究。VGI和大数据都以大量个体数据汇总后的增值应用为目的,VGI应用目的优先;大数据使用过程目的明确,形式呈�F多样化。这一特点使大数据应用速率增加相当快[2]。

大数据的发展现状

“云时代”的到来将大数据变成了一个焦点。大数据中非结构化的数据比传统数据占的分量重。大数据技术具有快速获得有价值信息的能力[7]。
大数据具有很高的商业价值。数据交易可产生很好的效果;为了提高企业销售率,增加利润,我们可以降低营销成本。数据共享、交叉复用后获取最大的数据价值是大数据的价值。

大数据对GIS的影响

大数据中的地理(理论):在地理学研究领域中,新数据的环境由大数据、开放数据与一些集成起来的小数据一起构成,这种新环境对现有地理学理论的证明有很大的帮助。传统的地理学理论以均质化集合单元的长期变化为分析对象进行勘测研究,在新的数据环境下,所呈现出的即时性、多角度维度、以及细粒度的变化观测对于一些关注异质化个体短时间内变化的地理学理论产生有很大的帮助和改善[10]。新地理学理论的发展离不开新数据环境[8,9]。
地理(环境)中的大数据:大数据的生产、处理和使用无时无刻都在被当时条件允许范围内的社会、经济、自然等等地理环境所影响,而这些地理环境根据各方面的原因条件所给予的表达不够具体,并且是具有选择性的,产生了盲区需要克服和改善。数据的变化也间接地改变了我们的生活。

机遇

大数据带来了研究范式的变革[13]。大数据可以依靠研究人行为所带来的移动的轨迹以及所处地理环境位置的重要特点进行评估。猜测人一天内活动的规律以及活动的范围。从而得到想要的人体情感态度以及土地范围活动区域内的相关信息。
大数据影响着地理学研究范式的变化趋势。传统的地理学“自上向下”,而现在“自下向上”也开始流行起来。其优势和不足比重各占一半。在空间大数据下,地理学进行学术勘测调查务必考虑结果的可验证性、尺度变化性以及相对不确定性。相关关系等重要因素只是其中的一部分而已。
大数据能够在一定程度上克服传统数据的不足。也为创新地理学研究的议题提供了机遇。
数据时空粒度随着时间的推移,逐渐越来越变的精细。地理空间所给予我们的信息储备也变得越发重要。地表要素的属性变化在每时每刻都随大数据时代的地理信息影响,尤其是移动的个体或群体对象,移动的个体或群体对象空间位置和其自身的属性变化更为明显,地理大数据的出现促进了地理计算(GeoComputation)与城市计算(urban computing)和社会计算(social computing)的交叉和融合。大数据技术的城市与社会应用过程中很多研究场景和内容与大数据的空间紧密贴合[15]。
大数据对人文地理学的影响也是自然地理学的影响。在优化区域布局、防灾减灾、城市精细化管理、智慧城市等方面综合多维的国情地理数据影响甚大。这些大数据,对人文地理学研究内容与研究范式提供了巨大突破创新的机会。

挑战

由于原始样本的偏差、预处理方法是否恰当等多方面因素,地理学者对收集来的大数据的质量无法进行系统性评估,大数据是一个新呈现出来的新鲜事物,研究案例可供借鉴研究的少之又少,条件也不够充足,所以研究问题片面不够具体,所以研究的结果大多数都不够足以让人信服。
“大数据”不是“全数据”,在研究中需要研究数据样本里的独特点,集成多源数据交互印证是处理大数据的代表性问题的一大关键点。大数据主要提供了一种对既有模式及规律的研究调查手段,这一大发现对于地理学的意义不可忽视,使我们能够接触到以前从未触碰过让人耳目一新的新事物,这对于生物学发展有着很大的促进作用。
迄今为止,大数据在地理学中的应用,仅仅还停留在校验印证既有理论的一方面,未取得理论上实质的突破与创新。我们今后研究,首先就应该将有关研究中主要思想抓紧,然后将范式需要保留的精华部分进行总结提炼,以最快的速度研究,从而形成在大数据的时代中,存在的地理学新概念新思想以及新方法的系统论述。

结束语

大数据时代的来临对中国的地理信息系统的格局产生了很大的影响。以物联网、云计算为首的等多个技术的发展将为GIS的发展带来更多的便利,也同时给我们带来了机会。GIS的使用价值为了可以在大数据中全权体现, GIS与大数据技术的结合发展速率要提高。研究初心不能改变,地理学者仍要脚踏实地,沉着冷静客观地看待“大数据”的使用条件,依托地理学科及专业知识论证去完成多源数据相互检验等质量评估工作。大数据在地理中的应用基础需要一步一个脚印的走出来。

参考文献:

[1]汤国安,赵牡丹,杨昕,等.地理信息系统(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[2]胡捍东.大数据时代下测绘地理信息产业的机遇和挑战[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2015,38(12):150-152.
[3]吴志峰,柴彦威,党安荣.地理学碰上“大数据”:热反应与冷思考[J].地理研究,2015,34(12):2201-2221.
[4]Adshead A.Data To Grow More Quickly[EB/OL].http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240174381/Data-to-grow-more-quickly-says-IDCs-Digital-Universe-study,2012.
[5]Mayer-Schonberger V,Cukier K. Big Data[M].Sheng Yangyan,Zhou Tao. Haungzhou: Zhejiang People’s Press,2013.
[6]陆锋,张恒才.大数据与广义GIS[J].武汉大学学报,2014,39(6):645-654.
[7]中国企业如何应对大数据时代的来临[Z].传感物联网,2013,03.
[8]Batty M. The New Science of Cities. Combidge: The MIT Press, 2013.
[9]Batty M. Big data, smart cities and city planning. Dialogues in Human Geography, 2013,3(3):274-279.
[10]Graham M, Shelton T. Geography and the future of big data, big data and the future of geography. Dia-logues in Human Geography, 2013,3(3):255-261.
[11]Kitchin R. Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Consequences. Lon-don: Sage, 2014.
[12]Rabari C, Storper M. The digital skin of cities: Urban theory and research in the age of the sensoredand metered city, ubiquitous computing and big data. Cambridge Journal of Regions Econonomy and Soci-ety, 2015,8(1):27-42.
[13]Collins J P. The fourth paradigm data- intensive scientific discovery. Science, 2010,327(5972):1455-1456.
[14]�锋,刘康,陈洁.大数据时代的人类移动性研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2014,16(5):665-672.
[15]余丽,陆锋,张恒才.网络文本蕴涵地理信息抽取:研究进展与展望[J].地球信息科学学报,2015,17(2):127-134.

You may also like...

216 Responses

  1. Cheers, Numerous advice!
    is bet online casino legit https://buckscasino.info/nascar-betting/ best odds casino games online

  2. Wow lots of terrific material!
    are online casinos banned in australia https://casinocashstars.com/poker/ top paying online casino

  3. Thanks a lot, Numerous write ups!
    mejor casino online https://ratingcasino.info/online-casino-canada/ play666 online casino

  4. Nicely put, Thank you.
    rainbow casino online https://casinoshaman.com/indiana-online-casino-real-money/ bluechip online casino

  5. Really a good deal of fantastic facts.
    best 2by2 gaming online casinos https://hotgamblingguide.org/best-poker-online-real-money/ 357 online games lucky casino

  6. Whoa lots of excellent data.
    live dealer online casino job https://usagamblingexperts.com/casinos/ 2018 online casino no deposit bonus codes

  7. Thanks a lot. Fantastic stuff!
    bovada online casino rigged https://combatcasino.info/review-betonline/ online casino payid

  8. Amazing stuff. Cheers!
    resort casino online https://casinoshaman.com/safe-online-casino-real-money/ win real money online casino app

  9. This is nicely expressed! !
    casino royal vegas online https://combatcasino.info/online-slots/ online casino that accepts echeck

  10. You’ve made your point.
    safe online casino canada https://casinoslotssaid.com/busr-casino-no-deposit-bonus/ apuestas en casinos online

  11. Thank you! Excellent stuff!
    casino online terpercaya https://cryptogamblingguru.com/wild-casino-free-spins/ argentinian online casinos

  12. Nicely put. With thanks!
    online casino accept ecopayz https://riggambling.com/poker/ avis cresus online casino

  13. Cheers, Useful information!
    the d casino online https://combatcasino.info/no-deposit-bonus-casinos/ online casinoer

  14. Seriously all kinds of beneficial data.
    a9play online casino 2023 https://casinosonlinenew.com/online-casino-ohio/ casinos online latinoamerica

  15. Thanks. Lots of info!
    hrvatska online casina https://hotgamblingguide.info/nascar-bets/ online casinos for american players

  16. Fantastic knowledge. Thanks a lot.
    arizona online casino reviews https://snipercasino.info/review-mybookie/ online casinos playtech

  17. Superb postings. Appreciate it.
    no deposit cash bonus online casino https://findscasino.info/review-ducky-luck/ betrouwbare online casino ideal

  18. Useful information. Thanks a lot.
    bedste danske online casinoer https://mgmonlinecasino.us/online-casino-ohio-legal/ online casino in japan

  19. Nicely put, Appreciate it.
    nepal online casino https://hotgamblingguide.info/mlb-bets/ caesars online casino games

  20. Wow a lot of very good material.
    online casino ohne steuer https://casinosonlinenew.com/bingo-online/ online casino spel

  21. You’ve made your point extremely effectively!!
    atlantis casino online slot tournament https://shadowcasino.info/horse-betting/ online casino loopholes

  22. Cheers. Helpful stuff.
    legit online casinos usa https://magicalcasino.info/casino-apps/ casino belgie online

  23. Amazing info. Regards!
    casino careers online https://buckscasino.info/mbl-betting/ all canadian online casinos

  24. Information very well applied.!
    best casino online 2019 https://casinoslotssaid.com/illinois-casino-online/ best arabic online casinos

  25. Regards! Very good stuff!
    online casino games fake money https://uscasinoguides.com/florida-casinos/ lucky star casino online real money

  26. Great stuff. Thank you.
    can you cheat online casinos https://mapcasino.info/real-money-roulette/ online us casinos gift card deposits

  27. Thanks. I enjoy this!
    online casino mit sofortauszahlung https://hotgamblingguide.com/online-video-poker-real-money/ hard rock online casino florida real money

  28. Factor very well regarded.!
    best online casino vip programs https://combatcasino.info/real-money-online-casino-virginia/ betcity casino online

  29. Good forum posts. Kudos.
    online casino laws australia https://buckscasino.info/crypto-casino/ bulgarian online casinos

  30. Point clearly regarded!.
    pixbet casino online https://casinoslotoking.com/nhl-betting-sites/ agen casino blackjack online

  31. You reported this wonderfully.
    jili online casino philippines https://buckscasino.info/review-xbet/ best casino online europe

  32. Very good data. Cheers.
    online casino schweiz legal https://casinocashstars.com/review-ignition/ online casino kostenlos bonus ohne einzahlung

  33. Wonderful posts. Many thanks!
    australian online mobile casino no deposit bonus 2018 https://mapcasino.info/review-cafe/ gta online casino heist best driver

  34. You revealed that wonderfully!
    play casino online az https://findscasino.info/review-slotocash/ licensed online casino

  35. Valuable posts. Cheers.
    which online casino pays the quickest https://hotgamblingguide.info/mlb-bets/ altcoin online casino

  36. Valuable posts. Thanks.
    games casino online https://combatcasino.info/poker/ best online casino ranking

  37. Well expressed indeed! !
    mirage casino online https://uscasinoguides.com/xbet-review/ bestes online casino 2024

  38. With thanks! A lot of posts!
    online casinos ohne umsatzbedingungen https://hotgamblingguide.info/online-betting-on-horse-racing/ caesars online casino pa app

  39. You made the point!
    gta online casino replay glitch https://igamingcasino.info/texas-holdem-online/ internet online casino

  40. SidneyKer说道:

    Wonderful tips. Appreciate it!
    mystic casino online https://combatcasino.info/review-reddog/ how to get into the casino in gta 5 online

  41. JasonTumma说道:

    http://tadalafilo.pro/# farmacia online 24 horas

  42. Donaldgagma说道:

    farmacia online barata y fiable farmacia online barata or farmacias online baratas
    https://maps.google.com.co/url?q=https://farmacia.best farmacias baratas online envГ­o gratis
    gran farmacia online farmacia online internacional and mejores farmacias online farmacia con envГ­os internacionales

  43. MariojaG说道:

    farmacias online seguras: mejores farmacias online – farmacias baratas online envГ­o gratis

  44. JasonTumma说道:

    http://sildenafilo.store/# sildenafilo 50 mg precio sin receta

  45. Ronniephasp说道:

    https://kamagraes.site/# farmacia online barata

  46. MariojaG说道:

    viagra online cerca de bilbao: comprar viagra – viagra entrega inmediata

  47. Robertodods说道:

    sildenafilo 100mg precio farmacia viagra online cerca de la coruГ±a or viagra online cerca de zaragoza
    https://www.google.dj/url?sa=t&url=https://sildenafilo.store sildenafilo 100mg precio farmacia
    sildenafilo 100mg farmacia п»їViagra online cerca de Madrid and comprar viagra online en andorra viagra 100 mg precio en farmacias

  48. Ronniephasp说道:

    https://sildenafilo.store/# sildenafilo cinfa sin receta

  49. Douglaslic说道:

    farmacias online seguras farmacia online internacional or farmacia online madrid
    http://brownsberrypatch.farmvisit.com/redirect.jsp?urlr=https://kamagraes.site/ farmacia online 24 horas
    farmacia online envГ­o gratis farmacias online seguras en espaГ±a and farmacia online barata farmacia online barata

  50. Spencerhoomy说道:

    farmacia envГ­os internacionales farmacias online seguras en espaГ±a or farmacia online madrid
    https://maps.google.cl/url?sa=t&url=https://tadalafilo.pro farmacias online seguras en espaГ±a
    п»їfarmacia online farmacia 24h and farmacia online 24 horas farmacias baratas online envГ­o gratis

  51. Donaldgagma说道:

    farmacias baratas online envГ­o gratis farmacia internacional barcelona or farmacia online envГ­o gratis
    https://www.google.ge/url?q=https://farmacia.best farmacia online internacional
    farmacia online internacional farmacia online internacional and farmacia internacional madrid farmacia online barata

  52. JasonTumma说道:

    https://sildenafilo.store/# viagra precio 2022

  53. Eddieraply说道:

    sildenafilo 50 mg comprar online viagra precio sildenafilo 100mg precio espaГ±a

  54. Ronniephasp说道:

    https://kamagraes.site/# farmacia online

  55. MariojaG说道:

    farmacia online internacional: Cialis sin receta – farmacia online 24 horas

  56. JasonTumma说道:

    https://sildenafilo.store/# comprar viagra en espaГ±a

  57. MariojaG说道:

    farmacia barata: se puede comprar kamagra en farmacias – farmacia online internacional

  58. Eddieraply说道:

    farmacia online 24 horas comprar kamagra en espana farmacias baratas online envГ­o gratis

  59. Donaldgagma说道:

    farmacia online envГ­o gratis valencia farmacia online madrid or gran farmacia online
    https://www.google.cv/url?q=https://farmacia.best farmacia online envГ­o gratis
    farmacia online internacional farmacia online envГ­o gratis and farmacias online baratas farmacias indias online

  60. Spencerhoomy说道:

    farmacia envГ­os internacionales farmacia online barata or farmacias online seguras en espaГ±a
    https://www.google.ml/url?sa=t&url=http://tadalafilo.pro farmacia online internacional
    farmacia online madrid farmacias online baratas and farmacias online baratas farmacia online 24 horas

  61. Ronniephasp说道:

    http://sildenafilo.store/# comprar viagra en españa envio urgente

  62. JasonTumma说道:

    http://kamagraes.site/# farmacia online internacional

  63. MariojaG说道:

    farmacia barata: Levitra 20 mg precio – farmacia online 24 horas

  64. Eddieraply说道:

    п»їfarmacia online se puede comprar kamagra en farmacias farmacias online seguras

  65. JasonTumma说道:

    http://tadalafilo.pro/# п»їfarmacia online

  66. MariojaG说道:

    farmacia 24h: precio cialis en farmacia con receta – farmacia online 24 horas

  67. Donaldgagma说道:

    farmacia internacional madrid farmacias online seguras or farmacia online 24 horas
    https://image.google.com.sb/url?q=https://farmacia.best mejores farmacias online
    farmacia online envГ­o gratis farmacia internacional barcelona and farmacia online barata y fiable farmacia internacional madrid

  68. Eddieraply说道:

    farmacias online seguras Comprar Levitra Sin Receta En Espana п»їfarmacia online

  69. Ronniephasp说道:

    https://vardenafilo.icu/# farmacia online envío gratis

  70. Ronniephasp说道:

    https://vardenafilo.icu/# farmacia online envío gratis

  71. MariojaG说道:

    farmacia envГ­os internacionales: comprar cialis online seguro – farmacia online envГ­o gratis

  72. JasonTumma说道:

    http://farmacia.best/# farmacias online baratas

  73. Ronniephasp说道:

    http://vardenafilo.icu/# farmacias online seguras en españa

  74. Eddieraply说道:

    farmacia online internacional Levitra sin receta п»їfarmacia online

  75. Ronniephasp说道:

    https://tadalafilo.pro/# farmacia envíos internacionales

  76. MariojaG说道:

    farmacias online seguras en espaГ±a: farmacia online envio gratis – farmacia envГ­os internacionales

  77. TracyJew说道:

    comprare farmaci online all’estero: avanafil generico – comprare farmaci online all’estero

  78. Terrybeaxy说道:

    acquisto farmaci con ricetta kamagra gel acquistare farmaci senza ricetta

  79. RichardSwack说道:

    farmacie online affidabili comprare farmaci online all’estero or farmacie online sicure
    https://cse.google.com.mt/url?sa=t&url=https://farmaciait.pro farmacia online piГ№ conveniente
    comprare farmaci online all’estero comprare farmaci online all’estero and farmacia online comprare farmaci online con ricetta

  80. Robertoremi说道:

    viagra 100 mg prezzo in farmacia viagra 50 mg prezzo in farmacia or viagra naturale
    http://www.6.7ba.biz/out.php?url=https://sildenafilit.bid/ viagra generico sandoz
    alternativa al viagra senza ricetta in farmacia pillole per erezione immediata and viagra acquisto in contrassegno in italia cerco viagra a buon prezzo

  81. Sidneylox说道:

    http://tadalafilit.store/# farmacia online

  82. Davidram说道:

    farmacia online piГ№ conveniente farmacia online or farmacia online
    https://www.google.gr/url?q=https://kamagrait.club farmacie online sicure
    migliori farmacie online 2023 farmacia online piГ№ conveniente and farmacia online comprare farmaci online con ricetta

  83. Cliftonkam说道:

    farmacia online piГ№ conveniente acquisto farmaci con ricetta or farmacia online miglior prezzo
    http://dyna.lksh.ntpc.edu.tw/dyna/webs/gotourl.php?id=7&url=https://tadalafilit.store comprare farmaci online all’estero
    farmacie online sicure farmacie online autorizzate elenco and migliori farmacie online 2023 farmacia online piГ№ conveniente

  84. TracyJew说道:

    farmacie online affidabili: kamagra oral jelly consegna 24 ore – farmacie on line spedizione gratuita

  85. Sonnyshile说道:

    farmacie online affidabili: avanafil spedra – farmacie online sicure

  86. Terrybeaxy说道:

    viagra 100 mg prezzo in farmacia viagra online spedizione gratuita siti sicuri per comprare viagra online

  87. TracyJew说道:

    farmacie online sicure: Dove acquistare Cialis online sicuro – farmacie online sicure

  88. Terrybeaxy说道:

    farmacia online senza ricetta avanafil generico farmaci senza ricetta elenco

  89. Sonnyshile说道:

    farmacia online miglior prezzo: kamagra oral jelly – farmaci senza ricetta elenco

  90. RichardSwack说道:

    farmacia online miglior prezzo acquistare farmaci senza ricetta or farmacie online sicure
    http://www.srbb.nl/?URL=https://farmaciait.pro/ farmacie online sicure
    comprare farmaci online all’estero farmacia online piГ№ conveniente and comprare farmaci online all’estero farmacia online

  91. Cliftonkam说道:

    acquistare farmaci senza ricetta п»їfarmacia online migliore or farmacia online senza ricetta
    https://images.google.tk/url?sa=t&url=https://tadalafilit.store acquistare farmaci senza ricetta
    farmacie online affidabili farmaci senza ricetta elenco and comprare farmaci online con ricetta farmacie online sicure

  92. Robertoremi说道:

    gel per erezione in farmacia cialis farmacia senza ricetta or viagra prezzo farmacia 2023
    https://toolbarqueries.google.co.nz/url?q=http://sildenafilit.bid viagra online spedizione gratuita
    siti sicuri per comprare viagra online viagra acquisto in contrassegno in italia and cerco viagra a buon prezzo viagra generico recensioni

  93. TracyJew说道:

    farmacie online autorizzate elenco: Tadalafil prezzo – migliori farmacie online 2023

  94. Sidneylox说道:

    http://sildenafilit.bid/# cialis farmacia senza ricetta

  95. TracyJew说道:

    acquisto farmaci con ricetta: cialis generico – farmacia online

  96. Terrybeaxy说道:

    comprare farmaci online all’estero avanafil п»їfarmacia online migliore

  97. Davidram说道:

    farmacia online farmacia online piГ№ conveniente or acquisto farmaci con ricetta
    https://couponifier.com/store/kamagrait.club comprare farmaci online all’estero
    farmacie online autorizzate elenco comprare farmaci online con ricetta and farmacia online senza ricetta farmacia online piГ№ conveniente

  98. Sonnyshile说道:

    farmacie on line spedizione gratuita: avanafil spedra – acquisto farmaci con ricetta

  99. Sidneylox说道:

    http://sildenafilit.bid/# viagra generico sandoz

  100. Terrybeaxy说道:

    viagra online in 2 giorni viagra prezzo farmacia senza ricetta recensioni

  101. Sonnyshile说道:

    п»їfarmacia online migliore: Avanafil farmaco – farmacia online migliore

  102. Cliftonkam说道:

    comprare farmaci online con ricetta farmacia online migliore or top farmacia online
    https://maps.google.lt/url?q=http://tadalafilit.store migliori farmacie online 2023
    farmaci senza ricetta elenco farmacia online senza ricetta and farmacia online migliore top farmacia online

  103. Terrybeaxy说道:

    farmacia online senza ricetta avanafil generico prezzo farmacia online miglior prezzo

  104. Sidneylox说道:

    http://sildenafilit.bid/# viagra generico prezzo piГ№ basso

  105. TracyJew说道:

    farmacia online: avanafil generico – migliori farmacie online 2023

  106. Sonnyshile说道:

    farmacie online autorizzate elenco: cialis generico – comprare farmaci online con ricetta

  107. Terrybeaxy说道:

    farmacie online autorizzate elenco kamagra gold farmacia online senza ricetta

  108. Michaelzibra说道:

    cheap wellbutrin: Buy Wellbutrin online – generic wellbutrin us

  109. MichaeltyclE说道:

    https://gabapentin.life/# neurontin 300 mg price in india

  110. JamesRuito说道:

    ventolin price uk ventolin 95mcg or ventolin tabs
    https://vkt.mobi/ajax.php?t=1&id=66&url=https://claritin.icu:: buy ventolin online europe
    order ventolin online uk ventolin generic cost and ventolin diskus ventolin otc uk

  111. TimothyPat说道:

    can i buy cheap clomid no prescription order generic clomid tablets or clomid pill
    https://images.google.mv/url?sa=t&url=https://clomid.club how to buy generic clomid
    order cheap clomid pills where buy clomid without dr prescription and where to get cheap clomid without dr prescription can i order cheap clomid no prescription

  112. Michaelzibra说道:

    zyban wellbutrin: Buy Wellbutrin XL online – wellbutrin 200 mg

  113. Josephpew说道:

    wellbutrin 450 mg cost: wellbutrin cost without insurance – cheap wellbutrin online
    http://gabapentin.life/# neurontin 300 mg coupon

  114. MichaeltyclE说道:

    https://clomid.club/# can you buy clomid without insurance

  115. MichaeltyclE说道:

    https://wellbutrin.rest/# wellbutrin 450 tablet

  116. Michaelzibra说道:

    gabapentin medication: buy gabapentin – discount neurontin

  117. Josephpew说道:

    paxlovid buy: buy paxlovid – paxlovid covid
    http://clomid.club/# where can i buy clomid pills

  118. TimothyPat说道:

    where can i get generic clomid pills where buy generic clomid online or clomid cheap
    https://clients1.google.com.tr/url?q=https://clomid.club how to get generic clomid pill
    where buy clomid price how can i get generic clomid without dr prescription and where can i get cheap clomid without prescription where buy generic clomid for sale

  119. JamesRuito说道:

    price of ventolin inhaler ventolin uk or 90 mcg ventolin
    https://www.google.sm/url?q=https://claritin.icu ventolin albuterol inhaler
    buy ventolin online usa ventolin us price and ventolin 200 ventolin pharmacy uk

  120. RalphDioff说道:

    paxlovid cost without insurance paxlovid price or Paxlovid over the counter
    http://www.mishizhuti.com/114/export.php?url=http://paxlovid.club paxlovid for sale
    paxlovid pill paxlovid pharmacy and paxlovid pharmacy paxlovid covid

  121. JamesDub说道:

    neurontin cap medication neurontin or buy neurontin canada
    https://sec.pn.to/jump.php?http://gabapentin.life neurontin 300 mg cost
    buy gabapentin online neurontin cream and neurontin 300mg capsule neurontin 500 mg tablet

  122. MichaeltyclE说道:

    https://claritin.icu/# ventolin us price

  123. MathewNet说道:

    buy paxlovid online http://paxlovid.club/# Paxlovid over the counter

  124. Josephpew说道:

    ventolin uk pharmacy: Ventolin inhaler online – buy ventolin online nz
    http://paxlovid.club/# paxlovid pharmacy

  125. MichaeltyclE说道:

    https://gabapentin.life/# neurontin 1800 mg

  126. Michaelzibra说道:

    can i buy ventolin over the counter in singapore: Ventolin inhaler best price – ventolin canada

  127. TimothyPat说道:

    where to get generic clomid pill where to buy cheap clomid or clomid generic
    https://www.google.com.tj/url?q=https://clomid.club can i get clomid without rx
    where can i buy clomid without prescription where can i buy clomid and clomid online how can i get generic clomid

  128. Josephpew说道:

    Paxlovid buy online: buy paxlovid – Paxlovid over the counter
    https://gabapentin.life/# canada neurontin 100mg discount

  129. MichaeltyclE说道:

    https://paxlovid.club/# paxlovid covid

  130. Michaelzibra说道:

    neurontin 800 mg tablets best price: generic gabapentin – buy gabapentin

  131. Donaldstelo说道:

    https://gabapentin.life/# buy brand neurontin
    ventolin 200 mcg Ventolin HFA Inhaler ventolin tablet medication

  132. Josephpew说道:

    how much is wellbutrin: Buy Wellbutrin online – wellbutrin 75 mg cost
    http://claritin.icu/# buy ventolin on line

  133. MichaeltyclE说道:

    https://claritin.icu/# where to buy ventolin nz

  134. RichardPlEtE说道:

    online pharmacy india: buy prescription drugs from india – online shopping pharmacy india

  135. RaymondLor说道:

    pharmacies canada canadian pharmacy androgel or north canadian pharmacy
    https://cse.google.ad/url?sa=t&url=https://ordermedicationonline.pro canadian pharcharmy
    northwestpharmacy largest canadian pharmacy and my canadian family pharmacy no prescription rx medicine

  136. BrianLiz说道:

    pharmacy drug store recommended canadian online pharmacies or online pharmacies
    http://www.google.com.vn/url?q=http://buydrugsonline.top best canadian pharmacy cialis
    prescription drugs online without canadian pharmacy antiobotics without perscription and superstore pharmacy online viagra online canadian pharmacy

  137. Danieltroth说道:

    online drugstore online pharmacy usa canadian prescriptions

  138. Jamesmib说道:

    http://buydrugsonline.top/# canadian online pharmacy

  139. Richardhomma说道:

    buy medicines online in india top online pharmacy india or Online medicine order
    https://maps.google.co.nz/url?q=https://indiapharmacy.site buy medicines online in india
    world pharmacy india п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india and world pharmacy india best india pharmacy

  140. RobertZof说道:

    п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: mexican pharmacy – mexican drugstore online

  141. RichardPlEtE说道:

    buy prescription drugs from india: indian pharmacies safe – india online pharmacy

  142. Jamesmib说道:

    https://ordermedicationonline.pro/# canadian pharmacy no prescription needed

  143. RobertZof说道:

    п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india: top 10 online pharmacy in india – india pharmacy

  144. Scotttex说道:

    mexican rx online mexico drug stores pharmacies or medicine in mexico pharmacies
    https://www.google.tn/url?q=https://mexicopharmacy.store buying prescription drugs in mexico online
    medication from mexico pharmacy mexican pharmacy and mexico pharmacy mexican pharmacy

  145. Danieltroth说道:

    best online pharmacies in mexico top mail order pharmacy from Mexico purple pharmacy mexico price list

  146. RichardPlEtE说道:

    indian pharmacies safe: india pharmacy – india pharmacy mail order

  147. Jamesmib说道:

    https://mexicopharmacy.store/# reputable mexican pharmacies online

  148. ScottBrusa说道:

    lipinpril: Buy Lisinopril 20 mg online – lisinopril 2.15 mg

  149. JamesMep说道:

    https://lisinopril.auction/# lisinopril 15mg

  150. WilliamBes说道:

    how to get zithromax over the counter where can i buy zithromax in canada or zithromax 500 price
    https://www.insai.ru/ext_link?url=http://azithromycin.bar zithromax for sale online
    zithromax online usa generic zithromax india and zithromax price south africa buy zithromax 1000 mg online

  151. ScottBrusa说道:

    lisinopril online prescription: Buy Lisinopril 20 mg online – lisinopril 5 mg over the counter

  152. Charleskew说道:

    lisinopril 20mg coupon Over the counter lisinopril cost of lisinopril 40 mg

  153. JamesMep说道:

    http://amoxicillin.best/# can i buy amoxicillin over the counter in australia

  154. Vernongus说道:

    lisinopril 10 mg tablet: generic lisinopril 10 mg – where to buy lisinopril without prescription

  155. ScottBrusa说道:

    zestril 5 mg prices: Buy Lisinopril 20 mg online – where to buy lisinopril online

  156. Charleskew说道:

    zestril price uk Over the counter lisinopril lisinopril generic 10 mg

  157. JamesronNa说道:

    where can you buy amoxicillin over the counter amoxicillin order online or amoxicillin buy canada
    https://images.google.com.ai/url?sa=t&url=https://amoxicillin.best amoxicillin 500 mg online
    875 mg amoxicillin cost amoxicillin 750 mg price and buy amoxicillin without prescription buy amoxicillin canada

  158. WilliamBes说道:

    zithromax without prescription where can i buy zithromax capsules or zithromax 250 mg pill
    http://www.thaijudge.com/go.php?https://azithromycin.bar zithromax 500mg over the counter
    zithromax buy can you buy zithromax online and can you buy zithromax online zithromax online usa no prescription

  159. JamesMep说道:

    http://ciprofloxacin.men/# antibiotics cipro

  160. ScottBrusa说道:

    cipro online no prescription in the usa: Get cheapest Ciprofloxacin online – ciprofloxacin over the counter

  161. Charleskew说道:

    lisinopril pill 40 mg Buy Lisinopril 20 mg online buy lisinopril online india

  162. Vernongus说道:

    prinivil 25 mg: buy lisinopril online – lisinopril 10 india

  163. JamesMep说道:

    http://amoxicillin.best/# amoxicillin script

  164. ScottBrusa说道:

    buy doxycycline online cheap: vibramycin – doxycycline buy canada 100mg

  165. RonaldQuema说道:

    doxycycline tablets over the counter doxycycline usa pharmacy or buy generic doxycycline 40mg
    https://cse.google.com.mm/url?sa=t&url=https://doxycycline.forum doxycycline 400 mg price
    doxycycline 100mg online uk doxycycline 100mg best buy and doxycycline vibramycin buy vibramycin

  166. Charleskew说道:

    amoxicillin 500mg capsule cost buy amoxil where can i get amoxicillin 500 mg

  167. JamesMep说道:

    https://lisinopril.auction/# lisinopril 80 mg

  168. ScottBrusa说道:

    cipro 500mg best prices: Ciprofloxacin online prescription – buy ciprofloxacin over the counter

  169. Vernongus说道:

    doxycycline 40 mg india: Buy Doxycycline for acne – doxycycline pharmacy uk

  170. Charleskew说道:

    lisinopril pill buy lisinopril 50 mg lisinopril

  171. JamesMep说道:

    https://lisinopril.auction/# generic prinivil

  172. JuliusFut说道:

    http://sildenafil.win/# buy sildenafil uk online

  173. Richardamurn说道:

    order sildenafil tablets sildenafil 25 mg prices or sildenafil over the counter nz
    https://www.google.al/url?q=https://sildenafil.win sildenafil 150 mg
    price sildenafil 20 mg buy sildenafil 200mg and sildenafil online buy india sildenafil 110 mg capsule

  174. BrandonBrind说道:

    cheap kamagra Kamagra Oral Jelly or Kamagra tablets
    http://www.yakubi-berlin.de/url?q=https://kamagra.team Kamagra 100mg price
    cheap kamagra Kamagra Oral Jelly and Kamagra 100mg cheap kamagra

  175. Josephral说道:

    Kamagra tablets: buy kamagra online usa – п»їkamagra

  176. Timothystoni说道:

    sildenafil prescription cost: 300mg sildenafil – buy sildenafil online usa

  177. RichardCof说道:

    Levitra 10 mg best price Buy generic Levitra online Levitra 20 mg for sale

  178. JuliusFut说道:

    http://kamagra.team/# super kamagra

  179. Timothystoni说道:

    where can i get sildenafil with no prescription: sildenafil otc – sildenafil uk paypal

  180. StevenDiple说道:

    where can i buy tadalafil 60 mg tadalafil or tadalafil 5mg cost
    https://edesk.jp/atp/Redirect.do?url=https://tadalafil.trade/ buy tadalafil europe
    cost of generic tadalafil price of tadalafil 20mg and tadalafil 5mg tablets in india tadalafil cheapest price

  181. RichardCof说道:

    ed treatment pills cure ed ed pills that work

  182. WilliamKnopy说道:

    http://levitra.icu/# buy Levitra over the counter

  183. Josephral说道:

    Kamagra 100mg price: super kamagra – cheap kamagra

  184. Timothystoni说道:

    buy Kamagra: п»їkamagra – super kamagra

  185. RichardCof说道:

    erection pills that work top erection pills mens erection pills

  186. JuliusFut说道:

    https://levitra.icu/# Buy Vardenafil online

  187. WilliamKnopy说道:

    http://levitra.icu/# buy Levitra over the counter

  188. Josephral说道:

    sildenafil citrate generic: sildenafil india online – cheap sildenafil online

  189. JuliusFut说道:

    http://tadalafil.trade/# generic tadalafil from india

  190. Timothystoni说道:

    tadalafil canadian pharmacy price: tadalafil daily 5mg – tadalafil 100mg online

  191. DavidGroup说道:

    https://indiapharm.guru/# Online medicine order

  192. Jeremyhah说道:

    mexican drugstore online mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs or purple pharmacy mexico price list
    https://clients1.google.sc/url?q=https://mexicopharm.shop п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
    mexican drugstore online mexican pharmaceuticals online and medication from mexico pharmacy mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa

  193. CharlesGot说道:

    buying prescription drugs in mexico online: medication from mexico pharmacy – buying from online mexican pharmacy

  194. Williespump说道:

    buying clomid: where to buy generic clomid online – can i buy generic clomid without rx

  195. Moshemed说道:

    http://withoutprescription.guru/# non prescription ed drugs
    medicine in mexico pharmacies mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa best online pharmacies in mexico

  196. DavidGroup说道:

    http://mexicopharm.shop/# mexico pharmacies prescription drugs

  197. CharlesGot说道:

    indianpharmacy com: pharmacy website india – india online pharmacy

  198. Moshemed说道:

    https://edpills.icu/# best medication for ed
    prescription drugs online without doctor п»їprescription drugs ed meds online without doctor prescription

  199. AaronZib说道:

    canadian drug stores canadian pharmacy store or canadian mail order pharmacy
    https://www.google.cat/url?q=https://canadapharm.top best canadian online pharmacy
    canadian mail order pharmacy canadian pharmacy meds and canadian pharmacy world legitimate canadian pharmacy online

  200. Williespump说道:

    200 mg doxycycline: buy doxycycline without prescription uk – doxy

  201. AnthonyScoks说道:

    non prescription ed pills: viagra without a prescription – meds online without doctor prescription

  202. Williamvat说道:

    buy erection pills best ed pills or cheap erectile dysfunction pills
    https://cse.google.bt/url?sa=t&url=https://edpills.icu top erection pills
    medicine for impotence erectile dysfunction medicines and how to cure ed natural ed remedies

  203. CharlesGot说道:

    reliable canadian pharmacy reviews: Prescription Drugs from Canada – legitimate canadian pharmacy online

  204. Israelwax说道:

    ed meds online without prescription or membership buy prescription drugs from canada or buy prescription drugs from india
    https://clients1.google.com.vc/url?q=https://withoutprescription.guru non prescription ed drugs
    non prescription ed pills viagra without a prescription and buy prescription drugs without doctor prescription drugs online without doctor

  205. JosephSon说道:

    http://withoutprescription.guru/# buy prescription drugs from canada cheap

发表回复

您的邮箱地址不会被公开。 必填项已用 * 标注